Hybrid warfare is a form of warfare that combines conventional and unconventional methods. It includes military action, cyber operations, information manipulation and the use of financial networks to achieve strategic objectives. The research examines how such activities are financed and where existing financial crime prevention mechanisms may have vulnerabilities.

Key findings at a glance:

1. Hybrid threats have multiple dimensions. Sabotage, cyberattacks and disinformation can operate together to disrupt infrastructure, institutions and public trust.

2. Finance plays a central role. Behind hybrid operations are financial flows used to recruit people, organise activities and acquire the necessary resources.

3. Existing controls face new challenges. Cross-border transactions, crypto, money mules and cash can create vulnerabilities that traditional AML approaches do not fully address.

4. A broader response is needed. The research considers how FATF, FIUs, governments and the private sector could adapt their approaches to better identify and disrupt financial links to hybrid threats.